What do sand, cereal, ice cubes, gravel, sugar, pills, and powders have in common? They are members of an unruly family of substances that refuse to completely conform to the laws of behavior for either solids or liquids — much to the consternation of theoretical physicists and manufacturers alike. Whether it’s a huge grain silo, a coal hopper or a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant, being able to predict the behavior of dense granular packings is key to keeping things from jamming up or collapsing.
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